Jumat, 16 November 2012

Simple Past Tense, Past Contonous Tense, Pronoun

Simple present tense
Functions :
1.       Daily routine/habit
2.       General truth
3.       Nowadays activities
Pattern
Verbal sentence (verbal : kata kerja)

Nominal sentence (complement : Noun / Adjective / adverb )

+

S (I, you, they, we, jamak )+ V1+….
They eat fried rice

+
I + to be ( am) + complement
I am delighted= happy

S (she, he, it, tunggal) + V1+s/es + …
She eats fried rice
S (she, he, it, tunggal) + to be (is) + complement
He is delighted

S (you, they, we, jamak ) + to be (are + complement
You and I are delighted

-
S (I, you, they, we, jamak )+ do not + V1+….
They  do not eat fried rice

-
I +  am not +complement
I am not delighted= happy

S (she, he, it, tunggal) + does not + V1+ …
She does not eat fried rice
S (she, he, it, tunggal) + is not + complement
He is not delighted

S (you, they, we, jamak ) + are not + complement
You and I(we) are not delighted

?
Do + S (I, you, they, we, jamak ) + V1+….
Do they eat fried rice?
?
Am I + complement?
Am  I delighted= happy?

Does + S (she, he, it, tunggal) +  V1+ …
Does she eat fried rice?
Is (she, he, it, tunggal) + complement?
Is he delighted?

Are (you, they, we, jamak ) + complement?
Are we delighted?

5w1h
What
Where
Why
When
Who
How
Do + S (I, you, they, we, jamak ) + V1+….
When do they eat fried rice?
5w1h





What
Where
Why
When
Who
How
Am I + complement?

Why am I delighted= happy?

Does + S (she, he, it, tunggal) +  V1+ …
When does she eat fried rice?
Is (she, he, it, tunggal) + complement?

Why is he delighted?


Are (you, they, we, jamak ) + complement?
Why are we delighted?

Modal (kata kerja bantu)
Can
May
Must
Shall
Should
Will
Ought to

 (+) S + modal + V1 +…
 ( - ) S + modal not + V1 +…
 ( ? ) modal + S + V1 +…
(?) 5w1h  + modal + V1
He must go
He must not go
Must he go?
Why must he go?


Adverb of time : every….(day, week, month, year, etc)
                              Always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, rare, never, etc.
Adverb of manner : adjective +ly; e.g. carefully, slowly, etc.



Simple past tense
Function :
1.       Past habit
2.       Past truth
3.       Past  activities (kegiatan dulu sekarang tidak lagi)
Pattern:
Verbal sentence (verbal : kata kerja)

Nominal sentence (complement : Noun / Adjective / adverb )
+
S(I, you, they, we, she, he, it, tunggal, jamak) + V2 +…
You did it again
+
S (I, she, he, it, tunggal) + to be (was) + complement
She was a shy girl when she was a child

S( you, they , we, jamak) + to be (were) + complement
You  were  shy girls

-
S + did not + V1+…
You did not do it again
-
S (I, she, he, it, tunggal) + was not + complement
She was not a shy girl

S( you, they , we, jamak) + were not  + complement
You  were  not shy girls

?
Did + S + V1+…
Did you do it again?
?
Was + S (I, she, he, it, tunggal) + complement
Was she a shy girl?

Were + S ( you, they , we, jamak) + complement
Were you shy girls?

5W1H
What
Where
Why             + did + S + V1+…
When            
How
Who             + V2 +……
Why did you do it again?




Who did it?

5W1H
What
Where
Why             + was/were + S + complement
When            
How
Who            
Why was she here yesterday?

Why were you here?
Past Modal
Could
Might
Must = had to
Should
Should
Would
Ought to

 (+) S + modal + V1 +…
 ( - ) S + modal not + V1 +…
 ( ? ) modal + S + V1 +…
(?) 5w1h  + modal + V1
He might go
He might not go
Might he go?
Why might he go?








Adverb of time : last….( week, month, year, etc)
                              ……ago
                                Yesterday, this morning, just a few minutes ago, etc.                                   
Adverb of manner : adjective +ly; e.g. carefully, slowly, etc. (dengan hati-hati, dengan perlahan)
Order of adverb : manner-place –time or place – manner – time or before subject
Present Continuous Tense

Functions: activity in progress (terjadi saat ini)
Pattern
+
S(I ) + to be (am) + V1_ing
I am doing my homework
S(you, they , we, jamak ) + are + V1_ing
They are playing soccer
S(she, he, it, tunggal ) + is + V1_ing
She is looking for you
-
S(I ) + to be (am)  not + V1_ing
I am not doing my homework
S(you, they , we, jamak ) + are not + V1_ing
They are not playing soccer
S(she, he, it, tunggal ) + is not + V1_ing
She is not looking for you
?
Am I + V1_ing
Am I doing my homework?
Are + S(you, they , we, jamak ) + V1_ing
Are they playing soccer?
Is + S(she, he, it, tunggal ) + V1_ing
Is she looking for you?
5W1H
What
Where
Why
When
How

Am I + V1_ing

When am I doing my homework?

Is (she, he, it, tunggal) V1_ing

When are they playing soccer?

Are (you, they, we, jamak ) + V1_ing?


When is she looking for you?
Who
Who + are /is + V1_ing?
Who is/are working?
Adverb of time : now, right now, at the moment, at the present time.



Past Continuous Tense

Functions: activity in progress in the past time or at the time of another action
Pattern
+
S (you, they , we, jamak ) + were + V1_ing
They were playing soccer at 5 pm last week
S ( I, she, he, it, tunggal ) + was + V1_ing
He was looking for you when I met him
-
S (you, they , we, jamak ) + were not + V1_ing
They were not playing soccer at 5 pm last week
S ( I, she, he, it, tunggal ) + was not + V1_ing
He was not looking for you when I met him
?
Were + S(you, they , we, jamak ) + V1_ing
Were they playing soccer at 5 pm last week?
Was + S(she, he, it, tunggal ) + V1_ing
Was he looking for me when you met him?

Adverb of time : at…hours… (at 8pm last night/yesterday)
                                                When/ while; ketika

Suatu kegiatan sedang terjadi di waktu lampu  apabila terdapat kegiatan pembanding
a.       When dan while digunakan pada saat action I yang sedang berlangsung kemudian terhenti /disela oleh action II
Oval Callout: Ingat koma komaWhen dan while bisa diletakkan di depan ataupun ditengah.

WHEN SIMPLE PAST, PAST CONTINOUS 
When he came, Bob was eating

PAST CONTINOUS + WHEN +SIMPLE PAST

Bob was eating when he came

Oval Callout: komaa Note : after when simple past
                after while past continous
WHILE + PAST CONTINOUS, SIMPLE PAST

While Bob was eating, he came.

SIMPLE PAST WHILE PAST CONTINOUS

He came while Bob was eating.

b.       While digunakan saat 2 actions sedang berlangsung bersamaan di waktu lampau
While bisa diletakkan di depan atau di tengah
WHILE + PAST CONTINOUS, PAST CONTINOUS

While I was reading a book, They are watching TV
PAST CONTINOUS + while + PAST CONTINOUS

 They are watching TV while I was reading a book





Genre (kinds of text)
Recount
Narrative
Procedure
Purpose

Telling past experience
To entertain or amuse the reader
Tell how something should be done through a series of sequences steps

Basic structure
Orientation
Events
Reorientation

Orientation
Complication
Resolution

Goal
Materials
Steps

note
Past tense & events
Past tense & a message
Present tense, imperative sentence &ordinal (first, second, next, etc)


Pronouns (Personal, Possessive, Relative and Reflexive Pronouns)

Personal Pronouns
Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns
Reflexive Pronouns
subject form
object form
possessive adjective
possessive pronoun
I
Me
my
Mine
Myself
You
You
your
Yours
Yourself
He
Him
his
His
Himself
She
Her
her
Hers
Herself
It
It
its
-
Itself
We
Us
our
Ours
Ourselves
You
You
your
Yours
Yourselves
They
them
their
Theirs
Themselves

Personal Pronouns - Subject Form : We have got some books.

Personal Pronouns - Object Form : The books are for us.

Possessive Adjectives : These are our books.

Possessive Pronouns: The books are ours.

Reflexive Pronouns : He can carry the bags himself.

Relative Pronouns : This is the man who lives next door.


CAUSATIVE MAKE, HAVE, GET
a.       untuk mengekspresikan ide dimana subyek dapat menyuruh (tell), meminta (ask) maupun memaksa (force) obyek   orang untuk melakukan sesuatu. (me, ber)
Object aktif= obyek orang yang melakukan pekerjaan
Subject +make / have  + Object (pelaku/orang)+ V1+ O(benda)

 I make my brother carry my suitcase = force
I have my brother carry my suitcase = request

Subject +get + Object (pelaku/orang)+ to +V1+ O(benda)

I get my brother to carry my suitcase = manage to persuade


b.       untuk mengekspresikan ide dimana subyek dapat menyuruh (tell), meminta (ask) maupun memaksa (force) obyek  benda di…../ ter…
Object pasif = obyek benda yang dikenai pekerjaan (di, ter), e.g. rumput dipotong, baju di cuci, etc
Subject +make / have/get  + O(benda)+V3

I had my watch repaired
I made my watch repaired
I got my watch repaired

Preposition of time

Use in
In
Day, season,  month, year; morning, dry season, 1990
On
Days and dates; Sunday, 12 May
At
Clock; 4 a.m.
For
Selama; two minutes, a day
since
Semenjak ; Date and time; 10 a.m. , 1990

Phrasal verb = Verb + preposition                    new meaning
                                Give + up                               surrender/menyerah
Note :
1.       Intransitive : no object; she was showed up
2.       Transitive ; she makes up a story
3.       Separable : terpisah oleh obyek ; I pick you up
4.       Inseparable : tdk terpisah oleh obyek; You must keep on working

Imperative sentence                           V1 + obyek
sentence
Function
+
Direction       ; turn right
Order             ; stand up
polite request : stand up, please

-
Prohibition;   don’t +V1; don’t do that!
                      Don’t be + adjective : don’t be angry!

Will vs Be going to
Functions
will
Be going to
Future time
Prediction
Decision(keputusan)
We’re going to have an extra class
-
Willingness (keinginan spontanitas) bell rumah berbunyi : I’ll open it.
-


Expressing purpose (tujuan)
In order to (agar) + V1
I bring a hp in order to call my parents

So that (sehingga)+ s + can/will
I bring a hp in so that I can call my parents