Clause atausentence adalah kelompok
kata yang memiliki arti. Beberapa clause kadang diawali “when” terkadang
“while”
A.When
digunakan untuk menyatakan suatu kegiatan/kejadian yang terjadi di waktu lampau.
When sering diikuti oleh Simple past tense.
1.When she heard the noise, she got up
2.When the rain began, I stood up under a tree
Jika terdapat “when” pada sebuah kalimat dan
simple past pada dua clausanya maka pada clausa yang terdapat when di depannya
terjadi lebih dulu.
1.Awalnya dia mendengar suara gaduhkemudian dia terbangun
2.Hujan turun pada awalnya baru kemudian dia berteduh di
bawah pohon
B.When digunakan pada past perfect (kegiatan yang telah
komplit selesai di waktu lampau)
e.g. He had already left when we got
there
First : he left
Second : we got there
C.While digunakan pada past continous untuk dua kegiatan
terjadi bersamaan
While I was studying, my father was reading a
newspaper or
My father was reading a newspaper while I was
studying
D.When dan while jika digunakan pada past continuous
tense
I was taking a walk when it began to
rain.=========When it began to rain, I was
taking a walk
While I was talking a walk, it began
to rain. ========= It began to rain
while I was taking a walk
Secara umum, when digunakan untuk
menyatakan kegiatan dengan durasi waktu lebih pendek (the word 'when' is used
for shorter time periods) sedangkan while untuk menyatakan kegiatan dengan
durasi waktu lebih panjang ( but 'while' is used for longer continuous time
periods).
Common Mistake
ERROR
FIX
* While he called me,
he was driving to work. The adverb while introduces an activity of
longer duration: calling or dialing is a short action.
When he called
me, he was driving to work. Change while to when. (when
= interruption)
A.Konjungsi Koordinatif adalah
kata yang fungsinya menghubungkan kata dengan kata, frase dengan frase dan
kalimat dengan kalimat. Yang termasu konjungsi ini adalah but, and dan or.
Konjungsi ini dapat dikombinasikan dengan kata yang lain dan bagian-bagian yang
dihubungkan harus tetap sederajat.
1. Both my brother and
my sister passed the exam
2. I saw not only the
damaged car, but also the dead driver
3. Either you or I
feed the chicken
4. Neither you nor
I came to the party
B. Konjungsi subordinatif adalah
kata yang fungsinya menghubungkan baik anak kalimat ataupun induk.
Since,
as, for, because = karena
although,
even though, even if = meskipun, walaupun
nevertheless,
however, yet, still = namun, akan tetapi
unless,
if not = jika tidak
on
the contrary, on the other hand = sebaliknya
in
case = kalau-kalau
therefore,
accordingly = oleh karena itu
moreover,
furthermore = lagi pula
while
, whereas = sedangkan
so =
maka, sehingga
in
order that = supaya, agar
Fill in the blanks with suitable
conjunction!
She
is quite alright….her English is rather poor
..she
was very tired, she didn’t want to take a rest
We
must prepare well, ..we will fail in our exam
He
lives along way from school, .. he is never late
I
know several languages…I can read a lot of books.
She
must be a nurse. …she always wears a white uniform
…you
know the way, you’d better take a taxi
My
uncle is an architect…his wife is a psychiatrist
I’ll
send my boy …you need help
her
husband has died …she must work to support her children.
Konjungsi
A.Konjungsi
Koordinatif adalah kata yang fungsinya menghubungkan kata dengan kata, frase
dengan frase dan kalimat dengan kalimat. Yang termasuk konjungsi ini adalah
but, and dan or. Konjungsi ini dapat dikombinasikan dengan kata yang lain dan
bagian-bagian yang dihubungkan harus tetap sederajat.
1. Both my brother and
my sister passed the exam
2. I saw not only the
damaged car, but also the dead driver
3. Either you or I
feed the chicken
4. Neither you nor
I came to the party
B. Konjungsi
subordinatif adalah kata yang fungsinya menghubungkan baik anak kalimat ataupun
induk.
Since,
as, for, because = karena
although,
even though, even if = meskipun, walaupun
nevertheless,
however, yet, still = namun, akan tetapi
unless,
if not = jika tidak
on
the contrary, on the other hand = sebaliknya
in
case = kalau-kalau
therefore,
accordingly = oleh karena itu
moreover,
furthermore = lagi pula
while
, whereas = sedangkan
so =
maka, sehingga
in
order that = supaya, agar
Conjunctions/ Sentence or clause
connectors
1.Expressing Contrast
a. Nevertheless
It was cold. Nevertheless, she
didn’t wear jacket
It was cold; nevertheless, she
didn’t wear jacket
b. However
It was cold. However, she didn’t
wear jacket
It was cold; however, she didn’t
wear jacket
2. Expressing a result
a. Therefore
Gita didn’t use a dictionary.
Therefore, she made a lot of spelling mistakes in her composition
Gita didn’t use a dictionary;
therefore, she made a lot of spelling mistakes in her composition
b. Consequently
Gita didn’t
use a dictionary. Consequently, she made a lot of spelling mistakes in her
composition
Gita didn’t
use a dictionary; consequently, she made a lot of spelling mistakes in her
composition
Note : Punctuation
Full stop (.) is used at the end
of the first sentence
Semicolon ( ; ) may be used
instead of a period between the two sentences
Expressing
a result
So / So that
S + V + So that
+ S + V
The time of result sentence must
relate to the future time.
So that is usually followed by
can /could /will / would
- He works
hard so that he can have much money
- He studied
hard so that he could pass the test
Expressing
purpose
In order to; answer the question why and often
omitted
I went to
library in order to borrow some books
I
went to library to borrow some books
Expressing
cause
a. Because of
1.Because of supporting her family, she must
work hard.
She must work hard because of supporting
her family
2.Because of the hot weather, I feel thirsty
I feel thirsty because of the hot weather
3.Because of the weather, I feel thirsty
I feel thirsty because of the weather
Because of + noun/noun phrase+ sentence
Sentence + because of + noun/noun phrase
b. Due to
1. Due to the weather, I feel
thirsty
I feel thirsty due to the weather
2. Due to the
hot weather, I feel thirsty
I feel thirsty due to the hot weather
Due to +
noun/noun phrase
Expressing
cause and effect
a. “Because,
for, now that, as, since, seeing that”
for indicating the reason of doing
something
-She has to work hard because
she must support her family
- She has to work hard for
she must support her family
- Now that she must
support her family, she has to work hard
- She has to work hard since
she must support her family
- As she must support her
family, she has to work hard
Because = for = now that
Since = seeing that (Informal
speech)
-Seeing that you are a new
student, you must obey the rule
b. In case / just in case
-
I am here just in case my mother needs me to help her cooking
-
My mother prepares sandwiches in case I’m hungry
Present
tense for indicating the reason for doing something in a possible future
situation
-
She had packed a sweater in case the weather got cold
-
I decide to bring an umbrella just in case the rain fell
Past tense for indicating the
reason for doing something in the past
Last
December it rained heavily all day long. Kamal’s house was near the river. The
area around his house was already flooded and the water was rising rapidly.
Kamal and his family decided to go to the school nearby, which was on higher
ground. It would be safer there.
He
waded through the waist-high water.
He could see branches of trees, dead animals and even pots and pans floating.
Suddenly, he saw something moving in the swirling waters. It looked like a
branch, but it was much darker. As the object approached, Kamal realized it was
a python. It was a large one and looked dangerous.
Frightened,
Kamal watched the reptile coming towards him. He had never seen a python
swimming before, let alone one as big as this. He looked around for something
to hit it with, but there was nothing. Then he heard shouts and the noise of a
motor boat. It was a Red Crescent rescue boat. Just in the nick of time! The
snake swam away and Kamal was quickly pulled into the boat. Kamal heaved a sigh
of relief. That was the most frightening encounter of his life, and he was
lucky to be rescued.
1. What is the purpose of the text?
A. To tell someone’s experience.
B. To describe someone.
C. To tell how to do something.
D. To review a work of art.
E. To tell something in general.
2. Which of the statements is TRUE about
the text?
A. Kamal’s house wasn’t flooded.
B. A large python almost attacked Kamal.
C. Kamal
was helping someone when he saw a large python.
D. A
rescuer captured a large python during the flood.
E. Kamal’s
house was submerged in water as high as 2 meters.
3. “. . . and the water was rising rapidly.”
The underlined word can be best replaced by ________.
A. continuously
B. immediately
C. gradually
D. fiercely
E. fast
This text is for questions 4 and 5.
Felix, we will leave for the harbor in the evening.
I have bought the tickets. Now, I am buying some equipment for our trip. Please
pack your things in the suitcase. I do hope everything has been ready when I
arrive home. Thank you.
Mom
4. How
will Felix and his mom have a trip?
A. By car.
B. By bus.
C. By train.
D. By ship.
E. By plane.
5. What is Felix supposed to do after reading
the message?
A. Buy some equipment for the trip.
B. Pack his things in the suitcase.
C. Buy the tickets for the trip.
D. Prepare himself for the trip.
E. Go to the harbour immediately.
This text is for questions 6 and 7.
Attention,
please.
Many
crimes nowadays make us aware that we need self-defense. That’s why, our school
will have a new extracurricular club dealing with martial arts, i.e. karate.
The club will start next months. If you’re interested in joining the club,
please register yourselves to your class captain. Thank you.
6. What is the announcement about?
A. A
new extracurricular club.
B. The
importance of self-defense.
C. Students’
interest in joining extracurricular clubs.
D. Tips
to be successful at self-defense.
E. Martial
arts and taekwondo.
7. According to the announcement, why is
self-defense important for people?
A. People
should protect themselves from danger.
B. People
can’t survive without self-defense.
C. Many
people don’t have self-defense.
D. Many
people don’t feel safety.
E. Many
crimes happen nowadays.
This
text is for questions 8 to 11.
The archer and the trumpeter were
traveling together in a lonely place. The archer boasted of his skill as a
warrior, and asked the trumpeter if he bore arms.
“No,”
replied the trumpeter, “I cannot fight. I can only blow my horn, and make music
for those who are at war.”
“But
I can hit a mark at a hundred paces,” said the archer. As he spoke, an eagle
appeared, hovering over the tree tops. He drew out an arrow, fitted it on the
string, shot at the bird, which straightway fell to the ground, transfixed to
the heart.
“I
am not afraid of any foe for that bird might just as well have been a man,”
said the archer proudly. “But you would be quite helpless if anyone attacked
you.”
They
saw at that moment a band of robbers approaching them with drawn swords. The
archer immediately discharged a sharp arrow, which laid low the foremost of the
wicked men. But the rest soon overpowered and bound his hands.
“As
for this trumpeter, he can do us no harm for he has neither sword nor bow,” one
of the robbers said. They released the trumpeter, but took away his wallet.
Then,
the trumpeter said, “You are welcome, friends, but let me play you a tune on my
horn.”
With
their consent he blew loud and long on his trumpet, and in a short space of
time the guards of the king came running up at the sound, and surrounded the
robbers and carried them off to prison.
When
they unbound the hands of the archer, the archer said to the trumpeter,
“Friend, I have learned today that a trumpet is better than a bow; for you have
saved our lives without doing harm to anyone.”
8. What
is the purpose of the text?
A. To entertain the readers.
B. To tell the readers the news of the day.
C. To persuade the readers to do something.
D. To describe how an archer and a trumpeter look
like.
E. To talk about the experience of an archer and
a trumpeter.
9. What did the robbers do to the archer?
A. They killed him.
B. They bound him.
C. They released him.
D. They played a trumpet for him.
E. They brought him to the guards of the king.
10. “. . . but let me play you a tune on my horn .
. . .” (Paragraph 7)
The word ‘you’
here refers to ________.
A. the archer
B. the robbers
C. the trumpeter
D. the guards of the king
E. the archer and the trumpeter
11. How
could the king’s guards come to the place?
A. Because they saw the incident.
B. Because they had been following the robbers.
C. Because they had heard the archer’s cry for
help.
D. Because they had heard the sound of the
trumpet.
E. Because it was the time for them to be on
guards of the place.
This text is for questions 12 and 13.
Friends, I am really happy our team could
win the football match. It was really because of our hard work.
So,
to celebrate it, please come to a party held at Merapi Resto, on Wednesday,
October 12, 2011 at 7 p.m. Please don’t miss it.
12. What
is the speaker doing?
A. He is inviting his friends for a party.
B. He is announcing a football match.
C. He is asking his friends to work hard.
D. He is asking his friends to support their
team.
E. He is inviting his friends to see a football
match.
13. Which of the statements is NOT TRUE based
on the text?
A. The listeners and the speaker are in a
football team.
B. The speaker appreciates the team’s hard work.
C. The party will be held at the speaker’s house.
D. The speaker’s team has won a football match.
E. The party will be held in the evening.
For questions 14 and 15, choose the correct words to complete the dialog.
Bob : I (14. see) ________ you standing in front of the mall when I
passed Jalan Sumatera last night.
Anne : Oh, I (15.
wait) ________ for my brother parking his motorbike. We would go
shopping at the mall.
14. A. have
seen B. seeing
C. seen D. saw
E. see
15. A. were
waiting B. was waiting
C. has
waited D. waited
E. wait
This text is
for questions 16 and 17.
Endless Shower Gel
A body wash rich
in lather, which leaves the skin soft and clean.
Instructions:
1. Use Endless shower gel during a warm shower
or bath.
2. Massage the rich lather of Endless shower
gel onto your skin for 2–3 minutes, and then rinse with water.
Available in 150ml
and 360ml.
Ref No.: BB03020D
16. What is the text about?
A. The
information of shower gel’s benefit.
B. The
composition of shower gel.
C. The
instructions to get skin soft and clean.
D. The
directions how to use shower gel.
E. The
description of shower gel.
17. When should we use the product?
A. After taking shower or bathing.
B. Before taking shower or bathing.
C. After and before swimming.
D. During taking shower or bathing.
E. Before eating something.
This
text is for questions 18 to 21.
Cleaning a Toaster
Do not immerse
the appliance or mains cord in water or any other liquid.
1. Unplug the appliance.
2. Always let the toaster cool down (approx.
15–20 minutes) before cleaning it.
3. Clean the toaster with a moist cloth.
4. The removable parts, such as the crumb tray
and the bread baskets can be cleaned separately with a moist cloth.
5. Remove crumbs from the appliance by sliding
the crumb tray out of the appliance. Empty the crumb tray above a dustbin.
6. Also remove the crumbs in the bread baskets
by taking the bread baskets out of the toaster and turning them upside down. In
this way the crumbs will fall out.
Source: Phillips Toaster Manual
18. What
is the purpose of the text?
A. To retell past events.
B. To entertain the readers.
C. To tell how to do something step by step.
D. To describe a particular person, thing or
place.
E. To inform the readers about events of the
day.
19. How
long should we cool down the toaster before cleaning it?
A. Less than 15 minutes.
B. Around 15–20 minutes.
C. More than a half hour.
D. More than 20 minutes.
E. Around a half hour.
20. “ . . . the bread baskets can be cleaned
separately with a moist cloth.”
The underlined word can be best replaced
by _______.
A. dry B. damp
C. flat D. smooth
E. soft
21. “
. . . and turning them upside down.” (Last step)
The
underlined word refers to ________.
A. the bread B. the crumbs
C. the
dustbins D. the crumb trays
E. the bread baskets
22. an
appointment–this–have–I–see–my–
1
2 3 4 5
6 7
morning– to–dentist
8 9
The proper arrangement of the words is
________.
A. 8–5–6–9–4–3–1–2–7
B. 4–3–1–8–5–2–7–6–9
C. 4–3–1–8–5–6–9–2–7
D. 1–8–5–6–9–4–3–2–7
E. 5–6–9–4–3–1–2–7–8
23. Teacher : Have
you finished your task?
Steve : Yes, Ma’am. So, _______ I leave the room?
Teacher : Sure.
A. will B. may
C. should D. must
E. had better
24. When the teacher entered the classroom, the
students ___ their books.
A.are
reading
B.were
reading
C.have
read
D.will
read
E.read
25.
Dian : Hallo. Good morning. I am Dian
Ari : I am Ari. ___ .
Dian : How dou you ?
A.How
are you ?
B.What’s
your name ?
C.How
do you do ?
D.What
are you doing ?
E.I’m
fine and you ?
26. Your friend,
Dody, stepped on the grass. The teacher forbade him. He said : ”___.”
